Resume Bahasa inggris I

Modal Auxiliaries

      The modal auxiliaries have a number of different meanings. They are generally used to indicate something which is potensial or uncertain. Remember that a modal is an auxiliary, and thus is NEVER used with do, does, or did. The modals include:

PRESENT TENSE	PAST TENSE
Will	Would (Used to)
Can	Could
May	Might
Shall	Should (Ought to) (had better) (had to)
Must (Have to)

NOTE :  Words in parenthese (....) indicate semi-modals. These have similar meaning to the modals, but are not grammatically the same.

• ·         Negation of modals : To make a modal negative, add the particle not after the modal.

Ex :   John would like to leave

      John would not like to leave

• ·         Questions with modals : To make a question, one places the modal at the beginning of the sentence.

Ex :  Would John like to leave?

NOTE : A modal is always directly followed by the simple form (verb word).

This is the infinitive without to.

INFINITIVE	SIMPLE FORM
To be	Be
To go	Go
To have	Have

This means that after a modal there can NEVER be : [verb + ing], [verb + s], past tense, or infinitive.

• ·         There are two ways that a can occur :

1.       Modal + simple form of the verb

Would be    Could go              Will have

2.       Modal + have + [verb in past participle]

Would have been    Could have gone         Will have had

NOTE : The word have, of course, must always be in the simple form after a modal it can never be has or had.

• ·         Meanings of the modals : Each of the modals has a different meaning. It is necessary to know the meaning of each.
• ·         Will : Will indicates future certainty

-          John will begin the job tomorrow

-          Maria will leave in January

Real conditions : [possibly true]

FUTURE TIME

If + subject + simple present tense..... + will/can/may/must + [verb in simple form]

• ·         If I have the money, I will buy a new car
• ·         We will have plenty of time to finish the project before dinner if it is only ten o’clock now.

    COMMAND

    if + subject + simple present tense... + command form*... 

                            

• ·         Remember that the command form consist of the simple form of the verb.
• ·         If you go to the Post office, please mail this letter for me. Please call me if you hear from John.

Unreal conditions (not true)

PRESENT OR FUTURE TIME

if + subject + simple present tense... + would/could/might + [verb in simple form]. 

                                                                                                                                                                               

PAST TIME

if + subject + past perfect.. + would/could/might + have + [verb in past participle]. 

As if/as though

                These conjuctions indicate something unreal or contrary to fact and thus are very similar in form to conditional sentences.

Subject + verb [present] +  as if/as though + subject + verb [past]....... 

                                                                       

• ·        The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer. (it is not winter)
• ·         Angelique walks at though she studied modeling. (she didn’t study modeling)
• ·         He acts as though he were rich. (He is not rich) 

   Subject + verb [past] + as if/as though + subject + vern [past perfect] 

• ·         Betty talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize. (She didn’t win the grand peize)
• ·         Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost. (He didn’t see a ghost)
• ·         He looked as though he had run ten miles. (He didn’t run ten miles)

Modal Simple I could swim at the beach. Modal Continuous  I could be swimming at the beach right now. Modal Perfect  I could have swum at the beach yesterday. Modal Perfect Continuous  I could have been swimming at the beach instead of working in the office.

Passive Modal Simple  The room should be cleaned once a day. Passive Modal Continuous  The room should be being cleaned now. Passive Modal Perfect  The room should have been cleaned yesterday. Passive Modal Perfect Continuous  The room should have been being cleaned but nobody was there. (Rare form)

Simple Subjects

The main word in the subject is the noun ``piece,'' with the other words of the subject -- ``a'' and ``of pepperoni pizza'' – tell about the noun. ``piece'' is the simple subject.

Bold the simple subject in each sentence. The first four have been done for you.

1.       Christmas is a wonderful holiday celebrated by millions of people

2.    Christmas decorations adorned every building on the street.

3.    She rarely behaves so rudely.

4.    How often has he forgotten to call?

5.    My little brother broke his finger.

6.   His Uncle Bob asked for directions.

7.   Those soldiers carried guns.

8.    Our babysitter arrived late.

Simple Predicate

A simple predicate is always the verb or verbs that links up with the subject.

    1.       My little brother broke his finger.

    2.       His Uncle Bob asked for directions.  

    3.       Those soldiers carried guns.

    4.       Our babysitter arrived late.

Compound Subject

A sentence may have a compound subject -- a simple subject made up of more than one noun or pronoun.

    1.       Her uncle and she walked slowly through the art gallery and        admired the beautiful pictures exhibited there.

    2.       My little brother and my cousin broke their fingers.

    3.       His Uncle Bob and Aunt Betty asked for directions.

    4.       Those soldiers and agents carried guns.

    5.       Our babysitter and her friend arrived late.

Compound Predicate

A compound predicate, is more than one verb relating to the same subject.

1. My little brother bruised and broke his finger.
2. His Uncle Bob looked and asked for directions.
3. Those soldiers carried and used guns.
4. Our babysitter overslept and arrived late.

SUB ORDINATORS

The most common subordinators are:

although, even though, because, since*, so that, when, while, before*, after*, whenever, wherever, anywhere, if, unless, whether [or not] as, as [adjective] as, whereas

(to show slight contrast) (to give reasons) (to indicate time relationships) (to indicate place) (to indicate conditions) (to give comparisons) (to show major contrast)

· Though/although/even though (walaupun),

contoh : Though He was sick, he went to school.

· Because/Since/ As/For (karena),

contoh : Because she got a good mark, she was very happy.

· If/In case/Providing/Provided (jika),

contoh : I will come to the party, if he invites me.

· When/While (ketika), contoh : Kukuh was crying when his girlfriend came.

· Where (dimana), contoh : I don’t know where the place is.

· Before (sebelum), contoh : Before he took a bath, he had a ready had breakfast.

· After (setelah), contoh : After she has breakfast, she goes to school.

CONJUNCTION

Definition

Some words are satisfied spending an evening at home, alone, eating ice-cream right out of the box, watching Seinfeld re-runs on TV, or reading a good book. Others aren't happy unless they're out on the town, mixing it up with other words; they're joiners and they just can't help themselves. A conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects (conjoins) parts of a sentence.

Coordinating Conjunctions

The simple, little conjunctions are called coordinating conjunctions (you can click on the words to see specific descriptions of each one):

Coordinating Conjunctions
and	but	or	yet	for	nor	so

Among the coordinating conjunctions, the most common, of course, are and, but, and or. It might be helpful to explore the uses of these three little words. The examples below by no means exhaust the possible meanings of these conjunctions.

AND

a.      To suggest that one idea is chronologically sequential to another: "Tashonda sent in her applications and waited by the phone for a response."

b.      To suggest that one idea is the result of another: "Willie heard the weather report and promptly boarded up his house."

c.       To suggest that one idea is in contrast to another (frequently replaced by but in this usage): "Juanita is brilliant and Shalimar has a pleasant personality.

d.      To suggest an element of surprise (sometimes replaced by yet in this usage): "Hartford is a rich city and suffers from many symptoms of urban blight."

e.      To suggest that one clause is dependent upon another, conditionally (usually the first clause is an imperative): "Use your credit cards frequently and you'll soon find yourself deep in debt."

f.        To suggest a kind of "comment" on the first clause: "Charlie became addicted to gambling — and that surprised no one who knew him."

BUT

a.      To suggest a contrast that is unexpected in light of the first clause: "Joey lost a fortune in the stock market, but he still seems able to live quite comfortably."

b.      To suggest in an affirmative sense what the first part of the sentence implied in a negative way (sometimes replaced by on the contrary): "The club never invested foolishly, but used the services of a sage investment counselor."

c.       To connect two ideas with the meaning of "with the exception of" (and then the second word takes over as subject): "Everybody but Goldenbreath is trying out for the team."

OR

a.      To suggest that only one possibility can be realized, excluding one or the other: "You can study hard for this exam or you can fail."

b.      To suggest the inclusive combination of alternatives: "We can broil chicken on the grill tonight, or we can just eat leftovers.

c.       To suggest a refinement of the first clause: "Smith College is the premier all-women's college in the country, or so it seems to most Smith College alumnae."

d.      To suggest a restatement or "correction" of the first part of the sentence: "There are no rattlesnakes in this canyon, or so our guide tells us."

e.      To suggest a negative condition: "The New Hampshire state motto is the rather grim "Live free or die."

f.        To suggest a negative alternative without the use of an imperative (see use of and above): "They must approve his political style or they wouldn't keep electing him mayor."

The Others . . .

The conjunction NOR is not extinct, but it is not used nearly as often as the other conjunctions, so it might feel a bit odd when nor does come up in conversation or writing. Its most common use is as the little brother in the correlative pair, neither-nor (see below):

·         He is neither sane nor brilliant.

·         That is neither what I said nor what I meant.

>It can be used with other negative expressions:

·         That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret my statement as an admission of guilt.

It is possible to use nor without a preceding negative element, but it is unusual and, to an extent, rather stuffy:

·         George's handshake is as good as any written contract, nor has he ever proven untrustworthy.

The word FOR is most often used as a preposition, of course, but it does serve, on rare occasions, as a coordinating conjunction. Some people regard the conjunction for as rather highfalutin and literary, and it does tend to add a bit of weightiness to the text. Beginning a sentence with the conjunction "for" is probably not a good idea, except when you're singing "For he's a jolly good fellow. "For" has serious sequential implications and in its use the order of thoughts is more important than it is, say, with because or since. Its function is to introduce the reason for the preceding clause:

·         John thought he had a good chance to get the job, for his father was on the company's board of trustees.

·         Most of the visitors were happy just sitting around in the shade, for it had been a long, dusty journey on the train.

Be careful of the conjunction SO. Sometimes it can connect two independent clauses along with a comma, but sometimes it can't. For instance, in this sentence,

·         Soto is not the only Olympic athlete in his family, so are his brother, sister, and his Uncle Chet.

where the word so means "as well" or "in addition," most careful writers would use a semicolon between the two independent clauses. In the following sentence, where so is acting like a minor-league "therefore," the conjunction and the comma are adequate to the task:

·         Soto has always been nervous in large gatherings, so it is no surprise that he avoids crowds of his adoring fans.

Sometimes, at the beginning of a sentence, so will act as a kind of summing up device or transition, and when it does, it is often set off from the rest of the sentence with a comma:

·         So, the sheriff peremptorily removed the child from the custody of his parents.

Subordinating Conjunctions

A Subordinating Conjunction (sometimes called a dependent word or subordinator) comes at the beginning of a subordinate and establishes the relationship between the dependent clause and the rest of the sentence. It also turns the clause into something that depends on the rest of the sentence for its meaning.

·         He took to the stage as though he had been preparing for this moment all his life.

·         Because he loved acting, he refused to give up his dream of being in the movies.

·         Unless we act now, all is lost.

Common Subordinating Conjunctions
after although as as if as long as as though because before even if even though	if if only in order that now that once rather than since so that than that	though till unless until when whenever where whereas wherever while

Correlative Conjunctions

Some conjunctions combine with other words to form what are called correlative conjunctions. They always travel in pairs, joining various sentence elements that should be treated as grammatically equal.

·         She led the team not only in statistics but also by virtue of her enthusiasm.

·         Polonius said, "Neither a borrower nor a lender be."

·         Whether you win this race or lose it doesn't matter as long as you do your best.

both . . . and not only . . . but also not . . . but either . . . or

neither . . . nor whether . . . or as . . . as

Conjunctive Adverbs

The conjunctive adverbs such as however, moreover, nevertheless, consequently, as a result are used to create complex relationships between ideas. Refer to the section on coherence : Transitions Between Ideas for an extensive list of conjunctive adverbs categorized according to their various uses and for some advice on their application within sentences (including punctuation issues).

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

            Adjective clauses can start with a relative pronoun and some common ones are: who, whom, that, or which. Also, relative adverbs can begin the clause and these include: when, where, and why. Adjective clauses do not need commas unless the information they give is additional and not essential. In other words, the clause does not change the basic meaning of the sentence.

Here are several examples of sentences with the adjective clauses underlined:

·         Pizza, which most people love, is not very healthy.

·         The people whose names are on the list will go to camp.

·         Grandpa remembers the old days when there was no television. 

·         Fruit that is grown organically is expensive.

·         Students who are intelligent get good grades.

·         I know someone whose father served in World War II.

·         Making noise when he eats is the main reason why Sue does not like to eat with her brother. 

·         I enjoy telling people about Janet Evanovich whose latest book was fantastic.

·         "He who can no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe is as good as dead." - Albert Einstein

·         “Those who do not complain are never pitied.” - Jane Austen

·         “People demand freedom of speech to make up for the freedom of thought which they avoid.” - Søren Kierkegaard

·         “Never go to a doctor whose office plants have died.” - Erma Bombeck

Referensi:

1.       Judul Buku : TOEFL PREPARE GUIDE

No. Buku    : 428.076

2.       http://www.englishpage.com/modals/modalforms.html

3.       http://www.rhlschool.com/eng3n13.htm

4.       http://www.eslhq.com/forums/esl-forums/english-questions/coordinating-vs-subordinating-conjunctions-13009/

5.       http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/conjunctions.htm

6.       http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/adjectives/example-adjective-clauses.html

PERISAN TANGGAL 22 OKTOBER 2011

   Perisan hari ini bertema "Perwalian" dimana setiap prodi akan bertemu dengan dosen walinya untuk membahas bagaimana UTS. Karena UTS sudah dekat makanya diadakan Perwalian untuk Maba 2011 agar mereka lebih tahu bagaimana pelaksanaan UTS itu. Tetapi pada hari sabtu ini, saya tidak bertemu dengan dosen wali saya. Karena pada hari Kamis saya sudah bertemu dengan dosen wali. Pada saat hari sabtu Bu Ristanti tidak dapat datang ke kampus untuk menghadiri acara Perwalian tersebut, sehingga kami sepakat untuk mengantinya pada hari Kamis.

   Setelah Apel pagi dilaksanakan, kita semua dikumpulkan di Ruang Serba Guna.Bagi prodi yang belum bertemu dengan dosen walinya bisa langsung bertemu dengan dosen walinya. Bagi yang sudah bertemu dengan dosen walinya bisa tetap di Ruang Serba Guna untuk membahas Bazzar dan Baksos. Setelah semua prodi sudah bertemu dengan masing-masing dosen walinya. Panitia langsung menyuruh kami duduk dengan kelompok bazzar dan baksos masing-masing. Setelah itu, kak Adi memberi penjelasan terhadap makalah untuk bazzar dan baksos tersebut.

ARTIKEL KERJA CERDAS DAN NILAI DIRI

Mula-mula ekonom Itali bernama Vilfredo Pareto (1848 - 1923) itu baru setengah kaget dengan hasil penelitiannya. Bahwa
80% kekayaan negara hanya dinikmati oleh 20% kelompok tertentu dari penduduk. Dengan kata lain, 80% dari penduduk
hanya berkesempatan menikmati 20% dari kekayaan negara. Katakanlah kalau diasumsikan jumlah penduduk
seluruhnya mencapai 100 juta jiwa, berarti hanya 20 juta jiwa yang kaya raya dengan mendapat 80% kekayaan negara.
Sisa penduduk yang berjumlah 80 juta jiwa hidup pas-pasan karena kue negara yang hanya 20% harus dibagi-bagi.
Karena setengah kaget dengan hasil penelitian tersebut, Pareto kemudian mengadakan penelitian di lain negara, ternyata
hasilnya sama atau hampir sama.

Hasil penelitian Pareto ini sejak tahun 1897 akhirnya diresmikan menjadi sebuah rumus atau formula dengan berbagai
macam nama: Pareto Principle; The Pareto Law; The 80/20 rule; The Principle of Least Effort; atau The principle of
Imbalance. Konon karena Pareto dinilai kurang artikulatif dalam menjajakan temuannya ini berdasarkan perkembangan
metodologi dan konteks penelitian, akhirnya mendorong para pakar untuk ikut terjun melengkapi rumus atau temuan
yang dinilai sangat berguna bagi pencerahan peradaban manusia ini. Tahun 1949, George K Zipf, seorang professor dari
Harvard University, mengembangkan wilayah penelitian dengan menjadikan temuan Pareto sebagai acuan. Hasilnya
bahwa manusia, benda-benda, waktu, keahlian, atau semua alat produksi telah memiliki aturan alamiah yang berkaitan
antara hasil dan aktivitas dengan jumlah perbandingan mulai dari 80/20 atau 70/30. Contoh:

Karena dianggap memberi pencerahan, rumus tersebut lalu diterapkan ke dalam pengembangan pribadi . Ternyata para
pakar di bidangnya masing-masing menemukan sesuatu yang kira-kira sama dengan temuan Pareto. Artinya jika bicara
hasil, ketepatan proses, dan kualitas maka hal-hal tersebut erat hubungannya dengan how well atau how good are you
doing, bukan how often dan how long. Dengan kata lain hasil yang diperoleh ditentukan sejauhmana anda bisa bekerja
secara cerdas.

Beberapa contoh:
Dalam dunia bisnis, untuk merebut pasar anda harus berpikir minimalistis dalam arti ketepatan strategi yang tidak
melebihi kebutuhan pasar. Artinya temukan 20% dari strategi yang bisa merebut 80% daya tarik pasar dengan memberi
80% premiun solusi kepada 20% pelanggan setia. Jangan mengobral strategi yang justru menghabiskan 80% cost
padahal hanya akan menciptakan 20% rate of return (Mack Hanan, dalam Fast Growth Strategy, McGraw-Hill International,
Singapore, 1987).

Penelitian dalam hal efektivitas dan efisiensi waktu menemukan bahwa 80% prestasi seseorang di bidang apapun diraih
dari 20% waktu yang dikeluarkan. Dan 80% kebahagian hidup ditentukan dari 20% waktu yang digunakan untuk
mencarinya. Tanyalah pada diri anda, berapa jumlah waktu yang benar-benar anda gunakan dalam kaitan dengan tujuan
anda pergi ke kantor selain waktu macet, ngobrol, atau melamun, atau membicarakan persoalan lain dengan kawan
kerja? Jika jawaban anda ternyata menggunakan rumus yang sebaliknya maka anda tidak memiliki perbedaan dengan
orang lain dan itu smaa artinya bahwa anda belum menerapkan cara kerja cerdas.

Aplikasi Kerja Cerdas

Sebagai bangsa yang agamis sekaligus kaya budaya leluhur, sebenarnya seruan kerja cerdas ini bukanlah barang baru.
Tetapi persoalannya lagi - lagi berupa tools yang tidak di-update. Selain disampaikan dengan "bahasa langit" yang
seringkali menafikan proses pemahaman secara ilmiah dan alamiah pun juga tidak dilakukan elaborasi kontekstual.
Akibatnya pemahaman tentang ajaran agama dan budaya hanya bekerja pada persoalan yang bersifat minoritas dalam
kehidupan nyata. Sebelum Pareto mengumumkan hasil penelitiannya dengan formula 80/20, kita sudah diajarkan
menjauhkan diri dari perbuatan-perbuatan mubazir atau yang tidak perlu. Sayangnya, ajaran mubazir yang kita pahami
hanya sebatas kalau kita membuang makanan yang tersisa. Amat jarang kita berpikir mubazir secara profesi, ekonomi,
atau strategi.

Untuk menjauhkan diri dari tindakan yang mubazir dalam kaitan dengan realisasi kerja cerdas harus dimulai dari
langkah-langkah berikut:
1. Fokus pada skala pengembangan
Jika anda yakin bahwa diri anda memiliki keunggulan atau bakat alamiah, disamping memiliki kelemahan yang
diakibatkan oleh faktor heriditas atau lingkungan, maka yang benar-benar anda butuhkan adalah hidup dengan
keunggulan tersebut secara cerdas (living with the advantage competitive factors). Hanya jika anda menemukan strategi
hidup dengan keunggulan, maka anda akan keluar dari batas rata-rata prestasi lingkungan. Sebelum itu, paling maksimal
yang bisa anda capai adalah kualitas hidup seperti orang lain atau seperti yang diraih oleh sepuluh orang yang anda
kenal paling dekat. Lalu ke mana keunggulan tersebut diarahkan? Jelas, keunggulan itu harus diarahkan untuk
mengoptimalkan apa yang disebut dalam rumusan Pareto dengan 20% of determining factors (factor penentu). Oleh
karena itu, temukan apa saja yang menjadi faktor penentu keberhasilan anda dari sekian daftar kegiatan yang anda
lakukan dalam hidup. Tinggalkan hal-hal yang tidak perlu dan fgokuskan hanya pada hal-hal yang berpotensi untuk
pengembangan diri.

2. Berani Berkorban
Di dalam dunia yang sebesar ini terdapat sekian banyak "persoalan kecil" yang kalau anda tidak berani berkorban untuk
memaafkannya bisa jadi persoalan itu akan mendominasi muatan pikiran anda yang akhirnya bisa membuat anda
melupakan sisi keunggulan, cita-cita, fokus pengembangan diri, dan lain-lain. Contoh yang paling sederhana dan sering
terjadi di depan mata kita adalah ketika sedang di jalan raya. Di luar dari persoalan tabrakan serius, terkadang hanya
karena mobilnya tersenggol sedikit saja orang rela membuang banyak waktu dan kebahagiannya pergi ke kantor. Bahkan
bisa berkembang ke arah baku hantam. Padahal kalau dimaafkan (mau berkorban sedikit dengan kehilangan uang
beberapa ratus ribu saja untuk memperbaiki mobil yang lecet), maka semua urusan selesai.
Auditlah pikiran anda, persoalan apa saja yang kalau anda memaafkannya tidak akan merugikan anda secara misi atau
visi dan tidak mengganti isi pikiran anda dengan muatan negatif. Untuk mengetahui apakah persoalan yang sedang anda
hadapi tidak akan merugikan anda , gunakan standard audit berikut:
Apa saja yang menurut anda menjadi prioritas utama dalam kehidupan
Apa saja yang menurut anda didefinisikan sebagai persoalan penting dan tidak penting
Apa saja yang menurut anda didefinisikan sebagai persoalan darurat dan tidak darurat yang bisa jadi tidak penting dan
tidak prioritas
Apa saja yang menurut anda didefinisikan sebagai persoalan "sampah" - tidak penting, tidak mendesak dan bukan
prioritas utama. Namun dalam hal ini anda perlu menyeleksi secara ketat dan hati-hati, sebab bahayanya kalau anda
secara mudah memasukan persoalan ke tong sampah ini maka anda bisa terjebak untuk meninggalkan misi atau fokus
hidup hanya karena alasan mempertahankan posisi atau kondisi yang ada. Jika anda terjebak maka akhirnya rumus yang
terjadi bukanlah 80/20 tetapi sebaliknya.

3. Membuat Sekat Pembatas
Pada akhirnya anda harus menentukan batasan-batasan tentang apa yang ingin dicapai, bagaimana mencapainya, apa
modal yang dimiliki, dan akan kemana anda mengarahkan hidup anda. Dalam proses inilah terjadi seleksi dan
pengecualian. Dari sekian luas dunia dan isinya, apa saja yang telah anda seleksi menjadi hal yang benar-benar anda
inginkan sesuai format pondasi personal anda seperti: kiblat hidup, cita-cita, tujuan, target dan tindakan.
Semakin jelas anda memiliki format seleksi dan pengecualian, fokus pada pengembangan diri diiringi keberanian
berkorban dengan memahami, mengakui, membuang sesuatu yang tidak dibutuhkan dalam diri anda, maka akan
semakin jelas wilayah dunia yang menjadi "hak" anda sehingga semakin tersimpulkan apa yang menjadi determining
factors to success itu. Artinya faktor penentu semakin sedikit dan semakin sederhana dan biasanya yang sederhana itu
justru akan bisa bekerja optimal. Sementara yang cenderung pelik, ruwet dan kompleks biasanya mandul. Semoga
berguna.

Oleh Ubaydillah, AN
Sumber: Informasi Psikologi Online